Russian Universities between Internationalization and Technonationalism

Abstract

The paper considers difficulties that face national states trying to find a balance between national security and success in science and technology development. On the one hand, researchers should actively cooperate with representatives of the world's leading universities and educational policy must be guided by the leading world standards. On the other hand, many studies have the potential for the development of national technical and military power and international educational programs might lead to cultural assimilation and potentially threat the nation-state. This contradiction forms the dilemma for the States and result in diversity of national strategies on formulation and execution of scientific policy. In this paper, at first, we formulate the theoretical approaches to the issue of the university participation in global relations. Second, we describe four models of closeness in science and technology policy: the system of classifications (eg. export 175 control of technology and technical expertise); the visa restrictions and limitations of the scientists collaboration for citizens of certain countries, for examples, their work in research groups of national universities; the state management of access to data and resources necessary to carry out research; technonationalism. Third, from point of the above mentioned dilemma and four models of restriction in scientific and technical international activities we consider the Russian state policy towards universities and idea about this policy from the Russian scientists. The methods were an international expert survey on the global governance of science and Russia's participation in it, interviews with representatives of Russian universities, analysis of lists of criminal trials about divulging state secrets against scientists available on the Internet, as well as analysis of the size of government spending on the researches in the Federal targeted programs.